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<title>Ruling class</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruling class</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="The_Ruling_Class_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Ruling Class (disambiguation)">The Ruling Class (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Key themes</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Society" title="Society">Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li>

<li>Industrial revolutions <a href="Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li>

<li><a href="Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li>

<li><a href="Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li>

<li><a href="Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_peace%2C_war%2C_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li>

<li><a href="Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li>

<li><a href="Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br></li></ul>

<p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br>

</p>

<b>1900s:</b> <a href="Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li>

<li>Terminology</li>

<li><a href="List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li>

<li>By country</li></ul>

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<p>In sociology, the <b>ruling class</b> of a society is the <a href="Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> who set and decide the political and economic agenda of <a href="Society" title="Society">society</a>.

</p><p>In Marxist philosophy, the ruling class are the class who own the <a href="Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> in a given society and apply their <a href="Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> to determine and establish the <a href="Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">dominant ideology</a> (<a href="Ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideas">ideas</a>, <a href="Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>, <a href="Norms_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norms (sociology)">norms</a>, <a href="Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>) of the society. In the case of the <a href="Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist</a> <a href="Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, that class is the capitalist class, also known as the <a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>.

</p><p>In the 21st century, the worldwide political economy established by <a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> has created a <a href="Transnational_capitalist_class" title="Transnational capitalist class">transnational capitalist class</a> who are not native to any one country.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>In previous <a href="Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">modes of production</a>, such as <a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> (inheritable property and rights), the feudal lords of the manor were the ruling class; in an economy based upon <a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">chattel slavery</a>, the slave owners were the ruling class. The political economy of the <a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> gave socio-economic and legal power to the feudal lord over the life, labour, and property of the <a href="Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a>, including military service. The political economy of a slave state gave the slaver socio-economic and legal power over the person, labour, and property of a slave.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a>, the <a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> society has two dominant social classes: (i) the ruling-class <a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> (capitalist class) who own the means of production as <a href="Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>; and (ii) the working-class <a href="Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> whom the bourgeoisie subject to the <a href="Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of labour</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which form of <a href="Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> is justified by the <a href="Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">dominant ideology</a> of the ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Dominant_Ideology_Thesis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Dominant_Ideology_Thesis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To replace the <a href="Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> in a society, Marxism seeks to void the <a href="Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">political legitimacy</a> of the bourgeoisie as the ruling class and overthrow it and its state apparatus, replacing it with a state controlled by the working class, a worker's state, which abolishes private property and takes the means of production under its control. In marxist theory, such a society, in which the proletariat has become the ruling class by seizing power and replacing the capitalist state institutions with institutions that serve the proletariat, is called a <a href="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Dominant_Ideology_Thesis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Dominant_Ideology_Thesis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate goal of this worker's state is the abolition of classes and thus of class rule itself.

</p><p>In the political economies of the former <a href="Marxist-Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist state">Marxist-Leninist states</a>, the <a href="Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> replaced the capitalist ruling class and control the means of production, allocate resources, etc for the society, per the directions of the party. They were the administrators of the <a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> that executed the socio-economic functions of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The sociologist <a href="C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a> identified and distinguished between the ruling class and the <a href="Power_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Power elite">power élite</a> who make the decisions for modern capitalist societies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Likewise, to establish a society without social classes, <a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> seeks to abolish the ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Marxist perspective, anarchists, such as <a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, seek to abolish the <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, because, despite revolutionary change, the (capitalist) ruling class would be replaced by another ruling class (party leaders), which is a political cycle that voids the social-change purpose of a <a href="Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Questioning the existence of a functional ruling class in 21st-century societies, <a href="Mattei_Dogan" title="Mattei Dogan">Mattei Dogan</a> proposes that the political and socio-economic <a href="Elite" title="Elite">élites</a> do not form a cohesive ruling class within their societies because of the <a href="Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> and the narrow specialisation of labour consequent to the globalization of the world economy. In contrast, for the 20th century, he identifies the combination of military defeat, political implosion and the presence of a charismatic leader as the drivers for the downfall of ruling classes in the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and later for the creation of <a href="Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">Group decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li>

<li><a href="New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li>

<li><a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li>

<li><a href="Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Superclass_List" title="The Superclass List">The Superclass List</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_ten_thousand" title="Upper ten thousand">Upper ten thousand</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~jhsprague/Sprague_Jeb_2009_Globalizations_Interview_with_Leslie_Sklair.pdf">Transnational Capitalist Class</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816014925/http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~jhsprague/Sprague_Jeb_2009_Globalizations_Interview_with_Leslie_Sklair.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-08-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203202306/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASownership.htm">"Slave Ownership"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASownership.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-03.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/170204-marxism.pdf">"Sociology: Marxism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oxford Cambridge and RSA</i>. 2015. p. 11.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-The_Dominant_Ideology_Thesis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dominant_Ideology_Thesis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dominant_Ideology_Thesis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbercrombieTurner1978" class="citation journal cs1">Abercrombie, Nicholas; Turner, Bryan S. (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA396">"The Dominant Ideology Thesis"</a></span>. <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>170. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F589886">10.2307/589886</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/589886">589886</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1875" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1875). <i>Critique of the Gotha Program</i>. New York, NY: International Publishers Company, Incorporated (published 1987). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7178-0043-8</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstein, Bernard (12 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XicFgasYzWQC&q=nomenklatura&pg=PT5"><i>Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in our Time</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-162251-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCodevilla" class="citation journal cs1">Codevilla, Angelo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectator.org/articles/39326/americas-ruling-class-and-perils-revolution">"America's Ruling Class — And the Perils of Revolution"</a>. <i>The American Spectator</i>. <b>2</b> (July 2010): 19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeirdre_Hogan2007" class="citation web cs1">Deirdre Hogan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usa.anarchistlibraries.net/library/deirdre-hogan-feminism-class-and-anarchism">"Feminism, Class and Anarchism"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Franks" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin Franks. "British Anarchisms and the Miners' Strike": 229. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.4418">10.1.1.604.4418</a></span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Cannon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Patrick Cannon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/131/Marxs_Leviathan">"Marx's Leviathan"</a>. <i>Philosophy Now</i> (131).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDoganHigley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dogan, Mattei; Higley, John (2012). "Elites, Crises, and Regimes in Comparative Analysis [1998]". <i>Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung</i>. <b>37</b> (1 (139)): 278. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41756461">41756461</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ruling_class" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Ruling class">Ruling class</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<ul><li>Dogan, Mattei (ed.), <i>Elite Configuration at the Apex of Power,</i> Brill, Leiden, 2003.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Social_class321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li>

<li><a href="New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>

<li><a href="Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>

<li><a href="High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li>

<li><a href="Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li>

<li><a href="Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a>

<ul><li><a href="Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li>

<li><a href="Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li>

<li><a href="Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li>

<li><a href="Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li>

<li><a href="White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Patrician

<ul><li><a href="Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a>

<ul><li><a href="Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a>

<li><a href="Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li>

<li><a href="Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li>

<li><a href="Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li>

<li><a href="Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li>

<li><a href="Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li>

<li><a href="Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabellotto" title="Gabellotto">Gabellotto</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li>

<li><a href="Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li>

<li><a href="Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li>

<li><a href="Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li>

<li><i><a href="Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li>

<li><a href="Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li>

<li><a href="Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li>

<li><a href="American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li>

<li>Ancient Greece</li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li>

<li><a href="Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Government" title="Government">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="People" title="People">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Property" title="Property">Property</a></li>

<li><a href="Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Society" title="Society">Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li>

<li><a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">Ochlocracy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li>

<li><a href="Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li>

<li><a href="Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li>

<li><a href="Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li>

<li><a href="Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li>

<li><a href="Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>

<li><a href="Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li>

<li><a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>

<li><a href="Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>

<li><a href="Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li>

<li><a href="Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>

<li><a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>

<ul><li><a href="Plato's_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li>

<li><a href="Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li>

<li><a href="Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li>

<li><a href="Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>

<li><a href="Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li>

<li><a href="William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br>period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li>

<li><a href="Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hobbes's_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li>

<li><a href="Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br>centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li>

<li><a href="Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li>

<li><a href="Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li>

<li><a href="Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>

<li><a href="Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li>

<li><a href="Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br>centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li>

<li><a href="B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li>

<li><a href="Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li>

<li><a href="Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li>

<li><a href="Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li>

<li><a href="Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li>

<li><a href="Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="De_re_publica" title="De re publica">On the Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(51 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1313)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1532)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1651)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1689)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1748)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1762)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1790)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1791)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1820)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1848)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1859)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1944)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1945)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1971)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li>

<li><a href="Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category:Political philosophy</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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